Siyabonga ngokuvakashela i-Nature.com.Inguqulo yesiphequluli oyisebenzisayo inosekelo olulinganiselwe lwe-CSS.Ukuze uthole ulwazi olungcono kakhulu, sincoma ukuthi usebenzise isiphequluli esibuyekeziwe (noma ukhubaze i-Compatibility Mode ku-Internet Explorer).Okwamanje, ukuze siqinisekise ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo, sizonikeza isayithi ngaphandle kwezitayela ne-JavaScript.
U-Chelsea Wold uyintatheli ezimele ezinze e-The Hague, e-Netherlands kanye nombhali we-Daydream: Imfuno Ephuthumayo Yomhlaba Wonke Yokushintsha Izindlu Zangasese.
Amasistimu ezindlu zangasese ezikhethekile akhipha i-nitrogen nezinye izakhamzimba emchameni ukuze zisetshenziswe njengomanyolo neminye imikhiqizo.Ikhredithi Yesithombe: MAK/Georg Mayer/EOOS NEXT
I-Gotland, isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke saseSweden, inamanzi amancane ahlanzekile.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhamuzi zibhekene namazinga ayingozi okungcola okuvela kwezolimo nezinhlelo zokukhucululwa kwendle okubangela ukuqhakaza kolwelwe oluyingozi eduze noLwandle iBaltic.Bangabulala izinhlanzi futhi bagulise abantu.
Ukuze sisize ekuxazululeni lolu chungechunge lwezinkinga zemvelo, lesi siqhingi sibeka amathemba aso entweni eyodwa engenakwenzeka ezibophayo: umchamo womuntu.
Kusukela ngo-2021, ithimba labacwaningi laqala ukusebenza nenkampani yendawo eqashisa ngezindlu zangasese eziphathwayo.Umgomo uwukuqoqa amalitha angaphezu kuka-70,000 omchamo esikhathini esiyiminyaka emi-3 ezindaweni zokuchama ezingenamanzi nezindlu zangasese ezinikezelwe ezindaweni eziningi phakathi nenkathi yezivakashi zasehlobo.Ithimba livela eSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) e-Uppsala, esisungule inkampani ebizwa nge-Sanitation360.Besebenzisa inqubo eyakhiwe abacwaningi, bomisa umchamo waba izingcezu ezifana nokhonkolo, base bewugawula waba yimpushana bese bewucindezela kuma-granules kamanyolo alingana nemishini evamile yasepulazini.Abalimi bendawo basebenzisa umanyolo ukutshala ibhali, bese ithunyelwa ezindaweni ezikhiqiza utshwala ukuze bakhiqize i-ale engabuyela emjikelezweni ngemva kokusetshenziswa.
U-Prithvi Simha, unjiniyela wamakhemikhali kwa-SLU kanye ne-CTO ye-Sanitation360, uthe inhloso yabacwaningi “ukudlulela ngalé komqondo futhi basebenzise” ukusetshenziswa kabusha komchamo ngezinga elikhulu.Umgomo uwukunikeza imodeli engalingisa umhlaba wonke."Inhloso yethu ukuthi wonke umuntu, yonke indawo, enze lo msebenzi."
Ocwaningweni lwase-Gotland, ibhali elivundiswe umchamo (kwesokudla) laqhathaniswa nezitshalo ezingavundisiwe (maphakathi) kanye nomanyolo wamaminerali (kwesokunxele).Ikhredithi yesithombe: Jenna Senecal.
Iphrojekthi ye-Gotland iyingxenye yomzamo ofanayo womhlaba wonke wokuhlukanisa umchamo kwamanye amanzi angcolile futhi uphinde usetshenziswe emikhiqizweni efana nomanyolo.Lo mkhuba owaziwa ngele-urine diversion, ucwaningwa ngamaqembu ase-United States, Australia, Switzerland, Ethiopia naseNingizimu Afrika, phakathi kwamanye.Le mizamo idlulela ngalé kwamalabhorethri amanyuvesi.Imichamo engenamanzi ixhunywe ezinhlelweni zokulahla phansi emahhovisi ase-Oregon naseNetherlands.I-Paris ihlela ukufaka izindlu zangasese eziphambukisa umchamo endaweni ehlala abantu abayi-1 000 eyakhiwa endaweni eyi-14 yedolobha.I-European Space Agency izobeka izindlu zangasese ezingama-80 endlunkulu yayo eParis, ezoqala ukusebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kulo nyaka.Abagqugquzeli bokuphambukiswa komchamo bathi ingathola ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni kusukela ezikhungweni zezempi zesikhashana kuya emakamu ababaleki, izikhungo zasemadolobheni ezicebile kanye nemijondolo ethe thuthu.
Ososayensi bathi ukuphambukiswa komchamo, uma kusetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu emhlabeni wonke, kungaletha izinzuzo ezinkulu emvelweni nempilo yomphakathi.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umchamo unothile ngemisoco engangcolisi amanzi futhi ungasetshenziswa ukuvundisa izitshalo noma ezinqubweni zezimboni.USimha ulinganisela ukuthi abantu bakhiqiza umchamo owanele ukuvala ingxenye yesine yomanyolo okhona manje we-nitrogen ne-phosphate emhlabeni;futhi iqukethe i-potassium nezinto eziningi zokulandela umkhondo (bona "Okuhlanganisayo emchamweni").Okuhle kunakho konke, ngokungachithi umchamo emseleni, wonga amanzi amaningi futhi unciphise umthwalo ohlelweni lokuguga nokusindwa kakhulu kwendle.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe kulo mkhakha, izingxenye eziningi zokuphambukisa umchamo zingase zitholakale ngokushesha ngenxa yentuthuko yezindlu zangasese namasu okulahla umchamo.Kodwa futhi kunezithiyo ezinkulu ekushintsheni okuyisisekelo kwesinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuphila.Abacwaningi nezinkampani kudingeka babhekane nenqwaba yezinselelo, kusukela ekuthuthukiseni ukwakheka kwezindlu zangasese eziphambukisa umchamo kuye ekwenzeni umchamo ucutshungulwe kalula futhi uphenduke imikhiqizo ebalulekile.Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise amasistimu okwelapha amakhemikhali axhunywe ezindlini zangasese ngazinye noma okokusebenza kwesitezi esingaphansi esiphakela sonke isakhiwo nokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuthola futhi nokunakekelwa komkhiqizo ovele ugxilile noma oqinisiwe (bona “Ukusuka Emchameni Kuya Emkhiqizweni”).Ukwengeza, kunezindaba ezibanzi zoshintsho nokwamukelwa kwezenhlalo, ezixhumene namazinga ahlukene emithetho yamasiko ehambisana nemfucuza yabantu kanye nezivumelwano ezijulile mayelana namanzi angcolile ezimbonini kanye nezinhlelo zokudla.
Njengoba umphakathi ulwa nokuntuleka kwamandla, amanzi, nezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezolimo nezimboni, ukuphambukiswa komchamo nokusetshenziswa kabusha “kuyinselele enkulu endleleni esihlinzeka ngayo ukukhucululwa kwendle,” kusho isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo uLynn Broaddus, onguchwepheshe wezokusimama ozinze eMinneapolis..“Uhlobo oluzobaluleka kakhulu.Minnesota, wayenguMongameli odlule we-Aquatic Federation of Alexandria, Va., Inhlangano yomhlaba wonke yochwepheshe bekhwalithi yamanzi.“Empeleni kuyinto eyigugu.”
Kudala, umchamo wawuyimpahla ebalulekile.Esikhathini esidlule, eminye imiphakathi yayiwusebenzisela ukuvundisa izitshalo, ukwenza isikhumba, ukuwasha izingubo nokwenza isibhamu.Khona-ke, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imodeli yesimanje yokulawulwa kwamanzi angcolile yavela eGreat Britain futhi yasakazeka emhlabeni wonke, yafinyelela umvuthwandaba kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukungaboni kahle komchamo.
Kulo modeli, izindlu zangasese zisebenzisa amanzi ukukhipha umchamo ngokushesha, indle, nephepha lasendlini yangasese phansi komsele, okuxutshwe nolunye uketshezi oluphuma ezindlini, emithonjeni yezimboni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nemisele yesiphepho.Ezimbonini zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezimaphakathi, izinqubo ezidinga amandla amakhulu zisebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukwelapha amanzi angcolile.
Ngokuya ngemithetho yendawo kanye nezimo zesitshalo sokwelapha, amanzi angcolile akhishwe kule nqubo asengaqukatha amanani abalulekile e-nitrogen nezinye izakhi, kanye nokunye ukungcola.U-57% wabantu bomhlaba awuxhunyiwe nhlobo ohlelweni lokukhuculula indle (bona “Indle yabantu”).
Ososayensi basebenzela ukwenza izinhlelo ezimaphakathi zisimame futhi zingangcolisi kangako, kodwa kusukela eSweden ngeminyaka yawo-1990, abanye abacwaningi bafuna izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu.Intuthuko ekupheleni kwepayipi "ingenye nje inguquko yento efanayo," kusho uNancy Love, unjiniyela wezemvelo eNyuvesi yaseMichigan e-Ann Arbor.Ukuphambukisa umchamo “kuzoshintsha,” usho kanje.Ocwaningweni 1, olulingisa izinhlelo zokuphatha amanzi angcolile ezifundazweni ezintathu zase-US, yena nozakwabo baqhathanisa amasistimu avamile okuhlanza amanzi angcolile nezinhlelo zokucatshangelwa zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile eziphambukisa umchamo futhi zisebenzisa imisoco etholiwe esikhundleni somanyolo owenziwe.Balinganisela ukuthi imiphakathi esebenzisa ukuphambukiswa komchamo inganciphisa isisi esingcolisa umoya ngo-47%, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi ngo-41%, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile cishe ngesigamu, kanye nokungcoliswa kwezakhi zomzimba emanzini angcolile ngo-64%.ubuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe.
Kodwa-ke, lo mqondo usalokhu ubalulekile futhi ukhawulelwe kakhulu ezindaweni ezizimele njengezindawo zase-Scandinavian eco-villages, ukwakhiwa kwasemaphandleni, kanye nentuthuko ezindaweni zabantu abahola kancane.
UTove Larsen, ongunjiniyela wamakhemikhali eSwiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) eDübendorf, uthi okuningi kusalela emuva kudalwa yizindlu zangasese ngokwazo.Eqala ukwethulwa emakethe ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kanye nawo-2000, izindlu zangasese eziningi eziphambukisa umchamo zinesitsha esincane phambi kwazo ukuze kuqoqwe uketshezi, ukulungiselelwa okudinga ukuqondiswa ngokucophelela.Eminye imiklamo ihlanganisa amabhande okuthutha ahamba ngezinyawo avumela umchamo ukuba uphume njengoba umquba uthuthwa uyiswa emgqonyeni womquba, noma izinzwa ezisebenzisa amavalvu ukuqondisa umchamo endaweni ehlukile.
Ithoyilethi eliyisibonelo elihlukanisa umchamo liwumise ube yimpushana liyahlolwa endlunkulu yenkampani yaseSweden yamanzi kanye nendle i-VA SYD eMalmö.Ikhredithi Yesithombe: EOOS NEXT
Kepha kumaphrojekthi wokuhlola nemiboniso eYurophu, abantu abakwamukeli ukusetshenziswa kwawo, kusho uLarsen, ekhala ngokuthi makhulu kakhulu, ayanuka futhi awathembekile.“Siphatheke kabi ngendaba yezindlu zangasese.”
Lokhu kukhathazeka kwaphazamisa ukusetshenziswa kokuqala okukhulu kwezindlu zangasese eziphambukisa umchamo, iphrojekthi edolobheni laseNingizimu Afrika i-Ethekwini ngeminyaka yawo-2000.UMnuz Anthony Odili, owenza izifundo zezempilo eNyuvesi yaKwaZulu-Natal, eThekwini, uthe ukwanda isigubhukane kwemingcele yaleli dolobha ngemuva kobandlululo kuholele ekutheni iziphathimandla zithathe ezinye izindawo zasemakhaya ezihlwempu ezingenazo izindlu zangasese namanzi.
Ngemva kokugqashuka kwekholera ngo-August 2000, ngokushesha iziphathimandla zathumela izikhungo zokukhucululwa kwendle eziningana ezahlangabezana nezinkinga zezimali nezingokoqobo, kuhlanganise nezindlu zangasese ezomile eziphambukisa umchamo ezingaba ngu-80,000, eziningi zazo ezisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.Umchamo uphumela enhlabathini usuka ngaphansi kwendlu yangasese, kanti indle igcina isendaweni yokugcina impahla idolobha eseliyithululile njalo eminyakeni emihlanu kusukela ngo-2016.
U-Odili uthe lolu hlelo seludale izindawo eziphephile zokukhucululwa kwendle endaweni.Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwesayensi yezenhlalo lukhombe izinkinga eziningi ngohlelo.Naphezu kombono wokuthi izindlu zangasese zingcono kunalutho, izifundo, kuhlanganise nezinye zezifundo ahlanganyele kuzo, kamuva zabonisa ukuthi abasebenzisi ngokuvamile abazithandi, kusho u-Odili.Eziningi zazo zakhiwe ngezinto ezisezingeni eliphansi futhi azikhululekile ukuzisebenzisa.Nakuba lezi zindlu zangasese kufanele zigweme iphunga, umchamo wezindlu zangasese zaseThekwini uvame ukuphelela endaweni yokugcina indle, udale iphunga elibi.Ngokusho kuka-Odili, abantu “babengakwazi ukuphefumula ngendlela evamile.”Ngaphezu kwalokho, umchamo cishe awusetshenziswa.
Ekugcineni, ngokusho kuka-Odili, isinqumo sokwethulwa kwezindlu zangasese ezomile eziphambukisa umchamo kwaba phezulu kuya phansi futhi akuzange kucabangele okuthandwa ngabantu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezizathu zempilo yomphakathi.Ucwaningo lwesithathu lwangowezi-2017 lwathola ukuthi bangaphezu kuka-95% abaphendula iTheku abafuna ukuthola izindlu zangasese ezikahle, ezingenaphunga ezisetshenziswa yizigwili zakuleli dolobha, kanti abaningi bahlela ukuzifaka uma izimo zivuma.ENingizimu Afrika, izindlu zangasese kade zaba uphawu lokungalingani kwezinhlanga.
Kodwa-ke, umklamo omusha ungaba impumelelo ekuphambukeni komchamo.Ngo-2017, eholwa umklami u-Harald Grundl, ngokubambisana no-Larsen nabanye, ifemu yokuklama yase-Austrian i-EOOS (ekhishwe ku-EOOS Next) yakhipha isicupho somchamo.Lokhu kuqeda isidingo somsebenzisi sokuhlosa, futhi umsebenzi wokuphambukisa umchamo cishe awubonakali (bona “Uhlobo olusha lwendlu yangasese”).
Isebenzisa ukuthambekela kwamanzi ukunamathela ezindaweni ezingaphezulu (okubizwa ngokuthi i-kettle effect ngoba isebenza njengeketela eliconsayo) ukuze iqondise umchamo phambi kwendlu yangasese uye emgodini ohlukile (bona "Indlela Yokusebenzisa Kabusha Umchamo"). Ithuthukiswe ngoxhaso lwe-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation e-Seattle, e-Washington, eye yasekela ucwaningo olubanzi mayelana nokuqanjwa kabusha kwezindlu zangasese ukuze kube nezindawo ezihola kancane, i-Urine Trap ingafakwa kukho konke kusukela kumamodeli e-ceramic asezingeni eliphezulu kuya ku-plastic squat. amapani. Ithuthukiswe ngoxhaso lwe-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation e-Seattle, e-Washington, eye yasekela ucwaningo olubanzi mayelana nokuqanjwa kabusha kwezindlu zangasese ukuze kube nezindawo ezihola kancane, i-Urine Trap ingafakwa kukho konke kusukela kumamodeli e-ceramic asezingeni eliphezulu kuya ku-plastic squat. amapani. Ithuthukiswe ngoxhaso lwe-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation e-Seattle, e-Washington, eye yasekela ucwaningo olubanzi lokusungula izindlu zangasese ezihola kancane, isicupho somchamo singakhelwa kukho konke kusukela kumamodeli anezisekelo zobumba kuya kuma-squats epulasitiki.izimbiza. Ithuthukiswe ngoxhaso lwe-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation e-Seattle, Washington, esekela ucwaningo olunzulu lokusungula izindlu zangasese ezihola kancane, umqoqi womchamo ungakhelwa kukho konke kusukela kumamodeli asekelwe ku-ceramic asezingeni eliphezulu kuya kumathreyi epulasitiki e-squat.Umkhiqizi waseSwitzerland i-LAUFEN usevele ekhipha umkhiqizo obizwa ngokuthi “Londoloza!”ezimakethe zaseYurophu, nakuba izindleko zayo ziphezulu kakhulu kubathengi abaningi.
INyuvesi yaKwaZulu-Natal kanye noMkhandlu weTheku baphinde bahlole izindlu zangasese ezibamba umchamo ezingaphambanisa umchamo zikhiphe nezinhlayiya.Kulokhu, ucwaningo lugxile kakhulu kubasebenzisi.U-Odie unethemba lokuthi abantu bazoncamela izindlu zangasese ezintsha eziphambukisa umchamo ngoba zinuka kangcono futhi kulula ukuzisebenzisa, kodwa uphawula ukuthi amadoda kufanele ahlale phansi ukuze achame, okuwushintsho olukhulu lwesiko.Kodwa uma izindlu zangasese “ziphinde zamukelwa futhi zamukelwa izindawo ezihlala abantu abahola kakhulu - ngabantu abavela ezizindeni ezihlukene - kuzosiza ngempela ukusabalala,” kusho yena.“Kumelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi sibe ne-lens yobuhlanga,” enezela, ukuze siqiniseke ukuthi abakhi into ebonakala “njengemnyama kuphela” noma “empofu kuphela.”
Ukuhlukaniswa komchamo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela sokuguqula ukuthuthwa kwendle.Ingxenye elandelayo ithola ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe ngakho.Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, abantu bangayigcina emigodini ukuze babulale noma yiziphi izifo bese beyigcoba emapulazini.I-World Health Organization yenza izincomo ngalo mkhuba.
Kodwa indawo yasemadolobheni iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu - yilapho iningi lomchamo likhiqizwa khona.Ngeke kube usizo ukwakha imisele yendle ehlukene edolobheni lonke ukuze ilethe umchamo endaweni emaphakathi.Futhi ngenxa yokuthi umchamo ungamaphesenti angama-95 amanzi, kubiza kakhulu ukuwugcina nokuyihambisa.Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bagxile ekomisweni, ekugxiliseni, noma ekukhipheni imisoco emchameni ezingeni lendlu yangasese noma isakhiwo, beshiya amanzi ngemuva.
Ngeke kube lula, kusho uLarson.Ngokombono wobunjiniyela, “i-piss iyisixazululo esibi,” kusho yena.Ngaphezu kwamanzi, iningi i-urea, isakhi esine-nitrogen ekhiqizwa umzimba njengomkhiqizo we-protein metabolism.I-Urea iwusizo iyodwa: inguqulo yokwenziwa iwumanyolo ojwayelekile wenitrogen (bheka Izidingo zeNitrojeni).Kodwa futhi kuyakhohlisa: uma ihlanganiswa namanzi, i-urea iphenduka ibe i-ammonia, enikeza umchamo iphunga lawo eliyisici.Uma ingavulwa, i-ammonia iyakwazi ukuhogela, ingcolise umoya, futhi isuse i-nitrogen ebalulekile.Icutshungulwa i-enzyme etholakala yonke indawo urease, lokhu kusabela, okubizwa nge-urea hydrolysis, kungathatha ama-microsecond ambalwa, okwenza i-urease ibe enye yama-enzyme asebenza kahle kakhulu aziwa.
Ezinye izindlela zivumela i-hydrolysis ukuthi iqhubeke.Abacwaningi be-Eawag benze inqubo ethuthukisiwe eshintsha umchamo one-hydrolyzed ube isixazululo sezakhi ezigxilisiwe.Okokuqala, ku-aquarium, ama-microorganisms aguqula i-ammonia eguquguqukayo ibe i-ammonium nitrate engaguquki, umanyolo ovamile.I-distiller ibe igxilisa uketshezi.Inkampani engaphansi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Vuna, nayo ezinze e-Dübendorf, isebenzela ukudayisa ngohlelo lwezakhiwo kanye nomkhiqizo obizwa nge-Aurin, ogunyazwe e-Switzerland wezitshalo zokudla okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni.
Abanye bazama ukumisa ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis ngokukhuphula ngokushesha noma ukwehlisa i-pH yomchamo, ngokuvamile ongathathi hlangothi lapho ukhishwa.Ekhempasini yeNyuvesi yaseMichigan, i-Love ibambisene nenhlangano engenzi nzuzo i-Earth Abundance Institute e-Brattleboro, e-Vermont, ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezakhiwo olususa uketshezi lwe-citric acid ezindlini zangasese eziphambukisayo nezindlu zangasese ezingenamanzi.Amanzi aphuma emigudwini yomchamo.Umchamo ube usugxiliswa ngokubanda okuphindaphindiwe nokuncibilika5.
Ithimba le-SLU eliholwa unjiniyela wezemvelo u-Bjorn Winneros esiqhingini sase-Gotland lenze indlela yokomisa umchamo ube yi-urea eqinile exutshwe nezinye izakhi.Ithimba lihlola i-prototype yalo yakamuva, indlu yangasese ezimele enesomisi esakhelwe ngaphakathi, endlunkulu yenkampani yaseSweden yamanzi kanye nendle i-VA SYD eMalmö.
Ezinye izindlela ziqondise umsoco ngamunye emchamweni.Angahlanganiswa kalula namaketango akhona atholakalayo kamanyolo namakhemikhali ezimboni, kusho unjiniyela wamakhemikhali uWilliam Tarpeh, owake waba ngudokotela e-Love's manje oseStanford University eCalifornia.
Indlela evamile yokubuyisela i-phosphorus emchameni we-hydrolyzed ukungezwa kwe-magnesium, okubangela ukuna kwe-fertilizer ebizwa ngokuthi i-struvite.I-Tarpeh izama ngezinhlamvu ze-adsorbent material ezingasusa ngokukhetha i-nitrogen njenge-ammonia6 noma i-phosphorus njenge-phosphate.Isistimu yakhe isebenzisa uketshezi oluhlukile olubizwa ngokuthi i-regenerant olugeleza kumabhaluni ngemva kokuba ephelile.I-regenerant ithatha imisoco bese ivuselela amabhola emzuliswaneni olandelayo.Lena indlela yobuchwepheshe obuphansi, engenzi lutho, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezentengiso kubi emvelweni.Manje ithimba lakhe lizama ukwenza imikhiqizo eshibhile futhi ehambisana nemvelo (bona "Ukungcoliswa Kwekusasa").
Abanye abacwaningi bakha izindlela zokukhiqiza ugesi ngokufaka umchamo kuma-microbial fuel cell.EKapa, ​​eNingizimu Afrika, elinye ithimba lenze indlela yokwenza izitini zokwakha ezingajwayelekile ngokuxuba umchamo, isihlabathi namagciwane akhiqiza urease abe isikhunta.Babala kunoma yisiphi isimo ngaphandle kokudubula.I-European Space Agency ibheka umchamo wosomkhathi njengesisetshenziswa sokwakha izindlu enyangeni.
"Uma ngicabanga ngekusasa elibanzi lokugaywa kabusha komchamo kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile, sifuna ukukwazi ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka," kusho uTarpeh.
Njengoba abacwaningi bephishekela inhlobonhlobo yemibono yokwenza umchamo wezimpahla, bayazi ukuthi kuyimpi enzima, ikakhulukazi embonini egxilile.Izinkampani zikamanyolo nokudla, abalimi, abakhiqizi bezindlu zangasese kanye nabalawuli baphuze ukwenza izinguquko ezibalulekile emisebenzini yabo."Kuningi okungahambi kahle lapha," kusho uSimcha.
Isibonelo, eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, ukufakwa kocwaningo nemfundo ye-LAUFEN yonga!Lokho kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa imali kubadwebi bezakhiwo, ukwakha kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho kamasipala - futhi lokho akukenziwa, kusho uKevin Ona, unjiniyela wezemvelo osesebenza eWest Virginia University eMorgantown.Uthe ukushoda kwamakhodi nemithetho ekhona kudala izinkinga ekuphathweni kwezikhungo, wabe esejoyina iqembu elisakha amakhodi amasha.
Ingxenye ye-inertia ingase ibe ngenxa yokwesaba ukuphikiswa kwabathengi, kodwa ucwaningo lwango-2021 lwabantu emazweni angu-167 lwathola ukuthi ezindaweni ezifana ne-France, China ne-Uganda, ukuzimisela ukudla ukudla okufakwe umchamo kwakusondele ku-80% ( bheka i-Will people eat yona?').
U-Pam Elardo, ohola i-Wastewater Administration njengesekela lomphathi we-New York City Environmental Protection Agency, uthe uyaweseka amasu amasha afana nokuphambukisa umchamo njengoba izinhloso ezibalulekile zenkampani yakhe kuwukuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nezinsizakusebenza kabusha.Ulindele ukuthi edolobheni elifana ne-New York, indlela esebenzayo nengabizi kakhulu yokuphambukisa umchamo kuzoba amasistimu angaphandle kwegridi ku-retrofit noma ezakhiweni ezintsha, ezilekelelwa ngokunakekela nokuqoqwa kwemisebenzi.Uma abaqambi bengakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga, “kufanele basebenze,” kusho yena.
Uma kubhekwa le ntuthuko, u-Larsen ubikezela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kanye nokuzenzekelayo kobuchwepheshe bokuphambukisa umchamo kungase kungabi kude.Lokhu kuzothuthukisa isimo sebhizinisi salolu shintsho ekulawuleni udoti.Ukuphambukiswa komchamo “kuyindlela efanele,” kusho yena.“Lobu yibo kuphela ubuchwepheshe obungaxazulula izinkinga zokudla ekhaya ngesikhathi esifanele.Kodwa abantu kumele bathathe isinqumo.”
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Mkhize, N., Taylor, M., Udert, KM, Gounden, TG & Buckley, CAJ Water Sanit. Mkhize, N., Taylor, M., Udert, KM, Gounden, TG & Buckley, CAJ Water Sanit.Mkhize N, Taylor M, Udert KM, Gounden TG.kanye noBuckley, CAJ Water Sanit. Mkhize, N., Taylor, M., Udert, KM, Gounden, TG & Buckley, CAJ Water Sanit. Mkhize, N., Taylor, M., Udert, KM, Gounden, TG & Buckley, CAJ Water Sanit.Mkhize N, Taylor M, Udert KM, Gounden TG.kanye noBuckley, CAJ Water Sanit.Ukuphathwa Kokushintshanisa 7, 111–120 (2017).
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Noe-Hays, A., Homeyer, RJ, Davis, AP & Love, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Homeyer , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg . Noe-Hays, A., Homeyer, RJ, Davis, AP & Love, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Homeyer , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg . Noe-Hays, A., Homeyer, RJ, Davis, AP & Love, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Homeyer , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg . Noe-Hays, A., Homeyer, RJ, Davis, AP & Love, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Homeyer , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg .https://doi.org/10.1021/access.1c00271 (2021 г.).