Isigcawu sesithathu yipulatifomu enezilimi eziningi ezinikezelwe ekuqondeni izinkinga zamanzi nezemvelo e-Asia.
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Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, intuthu ibilokhu ibhidlizwa kusuka kuma-chimney amakhulu ngaphandle kwedolobha laseMeerut e-Uttar Pradesh. Amabhulokhi kashukela enyakatho nenhlangano yaseNdiya yenqubo ye-India ehambisanayo yebhande elide lokukhipha izingodo ngesikhathi sokugaya umoba, kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya ku-Ephreli. Ukungcola kwesitshalo okumanzi kushiswe ukukhiqiza ugesi, futhi intuthu ephumela ilenga ngokubukeka komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokubonakala sengathi umsebenzi, ukulethwa komoba ukondla imboni empeleni kuyancipha.
I-Arun Kumar Singh, umlimi oneminyaka engu-35 ubudala oneminyaka engu-35 ukusuka edolobhaneni laseNanglamal, cishe ihora lehora elivela eMeerut, uyathinteka. Esikhathini esikhula ngo-2021-2022, isivuno sikaNane sancishiswa cishe ngama-30% - imvamisa silindele ama-140,000 kg epulazini lakhe le-50-hectare, kodwa ngonyaka odlule athola ama-100,000 kg.
USingh usole umlando wokushisa we-Record Worder Wave, isikhathi semvula esinempilo kanye nokuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane kwesivuno esingesihle. Ukufunwa okuphezulu komoba ugqugquzela abalimi ukuthi bakhule okusha, okuphezulu okuvumayo kodwa izinhlobo ezingaguquki, kusho yena. Ukhomba ensimini yakhe, wathi, "Lolu hlobo lwethulwa kuphela eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili edlule futhi ludinga amanzi amaningi njalo ngonyaka. Kunoma ikuphi, awekho amanzi anele endaweni yakithi. "
Umphakathi ozungeze iNanglamla uyisikhungo sokukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol kusuka eshukela futhi utholakala enogada omkhulu kashukela waseNdiya. Kepha e-Uttar Pradesh nase-India e-India, ukukhiqizwa komoba kuyancipha. Ngaleso sikhathi, uhulumeni ophakathi ufuna amagqubu kashukela asebenzise umhlanga kashukela owengeziwe ukukhiqiza i-ethanol eyengeziwe.
I-Ethanol ingatholwa kuma-petrochemical espers noma kusuka kumhlanga kashukela, ummbila kanye nokusanhlamvu, okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-biothethanol noma ama-biofuel. Ngoba lezi zilimo zingavuselelwa, ama-biofuel ahlukaniswa njengomthombo wamandla avuselelekayo.
I-India ikhiqiza ushukela owengeziwe kunangaphambili. Esikhathini esingu-2021-22 kwaveza amathani kashukela ayi-39,4. Ngokusho kukahulumeni, ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kucishe kube ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-26 ngonyaka. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2019, i-India ibilokhu ilwa noshukela ngokuthumela iningi layo (amathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 ngonyaka owedlule), kepha ongqongqoshe bathi kungcono ukuyisebenzisa ngokukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol njengoba kusho ukuthi amafektri angakhiqiza ngokushesha. Khokha futhi uthole imali eningi. ukugeleza.
I-India ibuye angenise uphethiloli ngamanani amakhulu: amathani ayizigidi ezingama-185 kaphethiloli ngo-2020-2021 abiza ama- $ 55 billion, ngokusho kombiko weTank Calk Tank Aay. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanganisa i-ethanol nophethiloli kuhlongozwa njengendlela yokusebenzisa ushukela, okungadli makhaya, ngenkathi kufeza inkululeko yamandla. I-Niti Aayog ilinganisela ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-ethanol nophethiloli izosindisa izwe okungenani ama- $ 4 billion ngonyaka ngo-2025. Ngonyaka ongamaphesenti angama-9, futhi kuhlela ukufinyelela amathani angama-4,5-5 million ngo-2022-2023.
Ngo-2003, uHulumeni waseNdiya wethule uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-ethanol-bloline (eBP) nelitshe lokuqala le-ethanol elihlanganisiwe. Njengamanje, i-ethanol yenza cishe amaphesenti ayishumi okuxubana. Uhulumeni waseNdiya usethe ilitshe lokufinyelela ama-20% ngo-2025-2026, futhi inqubomgomo iwina-i-India njengoba "izosiza amabhizinisi endawo kanye nabalimi ukuthi babambe iqhaza emnothweni wamandla futhi banciphise ukuphuma kwemoto." Ukusungulwa kwamafektri kashukela nokwanda, kusukela ngo-2018 uHulumeni ubelokhu enikeza uhlelo lokuxhaswa nosizo lwezezimali ngosizo lwemalimboleko.
"Izakhiwo ze-ethanol zikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele futhi zinciphise ukuphuma kwezimoto ezinjenge-hydrocarbons, i-carbon monoxide futhi zihlanganisa ama-ethanol emotweni enamasondo amane kuzonciphisa ukuphuma kwe-carbon monoxide ngamaphesenti angama-30 futhi kuncishiswe ukuphuma kwe-hydrocarbon. ngo-30%. I-20% iqhathaniswa nophethiloli.
Lapho kushiswa, i-ethanol ikhiqiza ukuphuma kuka-20-40% ngaphansi kwama-CO2 kunamafutha ajwayelekile futhi kungabhekwa njengekhabhoni ungathathi hlangothi njengoba izitshalo zingena.
Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokuthi lokhu kunganaki ukuphuma kwegesi abamba ukushisa e-Ethanol Supply Chain. Isifundo se-biofuel se-US ngonyaka owedlule sathola ukuthi i-ethanol ingaba yi-carbol engaphezulu kuka-24% kunophethiloli ngenxa yokuphuma koshintsho olusetshenziswa umhlaba, ukulimala komanyolo okhuphukayo kanye nomonakalo wemvelo. Kusukela ngo-2001, amahektha ayi-660,000 omhlaba eNdiya aguqulwe abe ngumoba, ngokwezibalo zikahulumeni.
"I-Ethanol ingaba njengekhabhoni ebanzi njengamafutha kaphethiloli ngenxa yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kusuka ekushintsheni komhlaba ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba kwezilimo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamanzi nayo yonke inqubo ye-ethanol, ezolimo nezohwebo. "Bheka eJalimane. Njengoba usuthole lokhu, ama-monocultures manje adangele. "
Ochwepheshe baphinde bakhathazeke ukuthi idrayivu yokusebenzisa umoba wokukhiqiza i-ethanol ingaba nomthelela omubi ekuvikelekeni kokudla.
I-SUDHIR Pashwar, usosayensi wezolimo kanye nelungu lezolimo leKhomishini Yokuhlelwa Kwezwe yase-Uttar Pradesh, yathi njengoba intengo kamoba izokhuphuka kakhulu emafutheni, "izobizwa ngokuthi isivuno samandla." Lokhu, uthi, "Sizoholela ezindaweni ezengeziwe ezengeziwe, ezizonciphisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi futhi zenze izilimo zibe sengozini enkulu yezinambuzane. Kuzobuye kuholele ekungandleni kokudla njengoba umhlaba namanzi kuzophambukiswa ezitshalweni zamandla. "
E-Uttar Pradesh, Izikhulu ze-Indian Sugar Mills Association (i-ISMA) NE-UTTAR Pradesh Sugar Cange Abatshali batshele isigxobo sesithathu ukuthi amapheshana amakhulu womhlaba okwamanje awasetshenziswanga ukufunwa koshukela ukuze ahlangabezane nesidingo esikhulayo. Esikhundleni salokho, bathi, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kuza ngokulahlekelwa kwentela ekhona kanye nemikhuba eminingi yokulima.
USonoy Mohanty, CEO we-I-ISMA, uthe ukweqisa kukashukela kwamanje kweNdiya kusho ukuthi "Ukufinyelela ku-20% Blend Blend Ithagethi Yobunzima." "Ukuya phambili, inhloso yethu akumele kukhuphule indawo yezwe, kodwa ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa," engeza.
Ngenkathi izixhaso zikahulumeni kanye namanani entengo aphezulu e-ethanol azuze ama-ushukela ama-mills, umlimi we-nanglamal arun kumar singh uthe abalimi abazuzanga kule nqubomgomo.
Umoba uvame ukukhula kusuka ku-cuttings futhi kuvuselelwa ukwehla ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu kuya kwemikhombisa. Njengoba ama-kashukela mill adinga inani elikhulu le-sucrose, abalimi bayalwa ukuba bashintshele ezinhlotsheni ezintsha futhi basebenzise umanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane.
USingh uthe ngaphezu kokulimala kwesimo sezulu njengokushisa konyaka odlule, izinhlobonhlobo epulazini lakhe, elikhule kulo lonke elaseNdiya, lidinga umanyolo ophezulu kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane unyaka ngamunye. "Ngenxa yokuthi ngifafazwe kanye kuphela ngesivuno, futhi kwesinye isikhathi singaphezu kwesisodwa, ngafafaza amahlandla ayisikhombisa kulo nyaka," kusho yena.
"Ibhodlela le-insecticide libiza ama- $ 22 futhi lisebenza cishe amahektare amathathu omhlaba. Nginama [amahektare angama-30 omhlaba futhi kufanele ngifafaze amahlandla ayisikhombisa noma ayisishiyagalombili kule sizini. Uhulumeni angakhulisa inzuzo yesitshalo se-ethanol, kodwa sithola ini. Intengo yomhlanga iyefana, $ 4 ngekhulu lama-100 kg, "kusho uSundar Tomar, omunye umlimi ovela ku-nanglamal.
USharma uthe ukukhiqizwa komoba kunciphise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba entshonalanga ye-Uttar Pradesh, isifunda esibhekene noshintsho lwemvula kanye nesomiso. Imboni ibuye ingcolise imifula ngokulahla inani elikhulu le-organic date emigwaqweni yamanzi: ama-ushukela mills ngumthombo omkhulu we-wastewater embusweni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuzokwenza kube nzima ukukhulisa ezinye izitshalo, kusho uSharma, usongela ngokuqondile ukuphepha kokudla kwaseNdiya.
"EMaharashtra, umoba wesibili omkhulu kashukela wezwe, amaphesenti angama-70 amanzi okunisela asetshenziselwa ukukhulisa umoba kashukela, okungamaphesenti ama-4 kuphela esilimo sombuso," kusho yena.
"Sesiqale ukukhiqiza amalitha ayi-37 wezigidi ze-ethanol ngonyaka futhi uthole imvume yokwandisa ukukhiqizwa. Ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kulethe imali ezinzile kubalimi. Siphinde saphatha cishe wonke amanzi angcolile wesitshalo, "kusho uRajendra Kandpal, CEO. , Ifektri kashukela we-nanglamal ukuchaza.
"Sidinga ukufundisa abalimi ukuthi banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwabo kumanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezinambuzane kanye nokushintshela ukunisela noma ama-sprinklers. Ngokuqondene nomhlanga kashukela, odla amanzi amaningi, lokhu akusona isizathu sokukhathazeka, ngoba isimo se-Uttar Pradesh sicebile emanzini. " Lokhu kushiwo yi-Indian Sugaria Mills Association (i-ISMA) Abinash Verma, owayengu-CEO wangaphambili. IVerma yathuthuka futhi yaqala ukusebenza kwenqubomgomo kahulumeni kahulumeni onoshukela, umoba kanye ne-ethanol, yavula isitshalo sayo sokusanhlamvu e-ethanol eBihar ngo-2022.
Ngenxa yemibiko yokwenqaba ukukhiqizwa komoba eNdiya, iPanjwa ixwayisa ngokuphindaphinda okuhlangenwe nakho kweBrazil ngo-2009-2013, lapho izimo zezulu ze-Enratic, lapho kuholelwa ukukhiqizwa komoba kanye nokukhiqizwa okuphansi kwe-ethanol.
“We cannot say that ethanol is environmentally friendly, given all the costs the country has to produce ethanol, the pressure on natural resources and the impact on the health of farmers,” Panwar said.
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