USolwazi Tiffany Shaw, uSolwazi, uMnyango Wezama-GeoScience, University of Chicago
I-Southern Hemisphere iyindawo enesiyaluyalu kakhulu. Imimoya ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zichazwe ngokuthi "Roaring degrees angamashumi amane nantathu", futhi "ukumemeza ama-degree angamashumi ayisithupha". Amagagasi afinyelela kumamitha angama-24 (amamitha angama-24).
Njengoba sonke sazi, akukho lutho enyakatho ye-hemisphere engahambelana nezivunguvungu ezinzima, umoya namagagasi aseningizimu ye-hemisphere. Ngani?
Ocwaningweni olusha olushicilelwe ekuqhubekeni kwecala lesayensi kazwelonke, engisebenza nabo futhi ngivelela ukuthi kungani izivunguvungu zivame kakhulu endaweni eseningizimu ye-hemisphere kunasenyakatho.
Ukuhlanganisa imigqa eminingana yobufakazi kusuka ekubukeni, theory, namamodeli wesimo sezulu, imiphumela yethu ikhomba iqhaza eliyisisekelo le-Global Onic Oceanic "Conveyor Belts" kanye nezintaba ezinkulu ezisenyakatho ye-hemisphere.
Siphinde sikhombise lokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izivunguvungu eziseningizimu ye-hemisphere zaba kakhulu, ngenkathi labo abaseNyakatho Nenkabameli bengekho. Lokhu kuyahambisana nemodeli yesimo sezulu modeling yokushisa komhlaba.
Lezi zinguquko ngoba siyazi ukuthi izivunguvungu ezinamandla zingaholela emithelela emibi kakhulu efana nemimoya eyeqisayo, amazinga okushisa kanye nemvula.
Isikhathi eside, iningi lokubonwa kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni senziwa emhlabeni. Lokhu kunikeze ososayensi isithombe esicacile sesivunguvungu enyakatho ye-hemisphere. Kodwa-ke, eSouthern Hemisphere, emboza cishe amaphesenti angama-20 omhlaba, asitholanga isithombe esicacile sesiphepho kuze kube yilapho imibono ye-satellite yatholakala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970s.
Kusuka emashumini eminyaka okuqashelwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-satellite, siyazi ukuthi izivunguvungu eziseningizimu ye-hemisphere zingamaphesenti angama-24 anamandla kunalezo ezisenyakatho ye-hemisphere.
Lokhu kukhonjisiwe kumephu engezansi, okukhombisa ubukhulu besivunguvungu bonyaka obukelwe se-hemisphere (phezulu), i-Host Hemisphere (isikhungo) kanye nomehluko phakathi kwabo (ngezansi) kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-2018.)
Imephu ikhombisa ubukhulu obuphezulu bokuqina kwezivunguvungu olwandle oluseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-hemisphere kanye nokuhlushwa kwazo ePacific nase-Atlantic Oceans emaphethelweni e-Pacific nase-Atlantic (enomthunzi) enyakatho ye-hemisphere. Imephu yomehluko ikhombisa ukuthi izivunguvungu zinamandla endaweni eseningizimu ye-hemisphere kunasenyakatho ye-hemisphere (umthunzi we-orange) ngezindawo eziningi zokufika.
Yize kunemibono eminingi ehlukene, akekho onikeza incazelo eqondile yomehluko ezivunguvungwini phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili.
Ukuthola izizathu kubukeka sengathi kunzima. Ungasiqonda kanjani uhlelo olunzima kangaka olwalusukumela izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha njengomoya? Ngeke sibeke umhlaba embizeni bese sikutadishe. Kodwa-ke, yilokhu ngqo lokho ososayensi abafunda i-physics yesimo sezulu. Sisebenzisa imithetho ye-physics futhi siyisebenzise ukuqonda isimo soMhlaba nesimo sezulu.
Isibonelo esidume kakhulu sale ndlela singumsebenzi ophayona uDkt Shuro Manabe, owathola umklomelo kaNobel wasePhysics "ngokubikezela kwakhe okuthembekile kokushisa komhlaba." Izibikezelo zalo zisuselwa kumamodeli wenyama wesimo sezulu somhlaba, ezisukela kumamodeli wokushisa olula okuhlangenwe nakho kolunye uhlangothi olwenziwe ngolunye uhlangothi. Ifundela impendulo yesimo sezulu ukuya emazingeni e-carbon dioxide emkhathini emoyeni ngamamodeli okuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene nokuqapha amasiginali aqhamukayo avela emcimbini ophansi.
Ukuqonda izivunguvungu eziningi eSouthern Hemisphere, siqoqe imigqa eminingana yobufakazi, kufaka phakathi idatha evela kumamodeli wesimo sezulu esenzelwe i-Physics. Esinyathelweni sokuqala, sifunda ukubonwa ngokwemibandela yokuthi amandla asatshalaliswa kanjani emhlabeni wonke.
Njengoba umhlaba ungumkhakha, ingaphezulu kwalo uthola imisebe yelanga ngokungalingani kusuka elangeni. Iningi lamandla litholwa futhi ligxile ekhwehleni, lapho imisebe yelanga ishaya khona ngokuqondile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izigxobo zokukhanya okukhanyisa ama-angles anamatshe athola amandla amancane.
Iminyaka engamashumi eminyaka ikhombisile ukuthi amandla esivunguvungu aqhamuka kulo mehluko amandla. Empeleni, baguqula amandla "ama-tuli" agcinwe kulo mehluko amandla "we-kinetic" wokunyakaza. Lolu shintsho lwenzeka ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi "ukungazinzi kwe-baroclin".
Lo mbono uphakamisa ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga kwezehlakalo akunakuchaza inani elikhulu lezivunguvungu eziseningizimu ye-hemisphere, ngoba zombili lezi zifebe zithola inani elifanayo lokukhanya kwelanga. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuhlaziya kwethu okubonakalayo kusikisela ukuthi umehluko ekujuleni kwesivunguvungu phakathi kweNingizimu kanye North kungaba ngenxa yezici ezimbili ezahlukene.
Okokuqala, ukuthutha kwamandla olwandle, kwakuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ibhande lokuhambisa." Amanzi acwila eduze kwesigxobo saseNorth, ageleza phansi olwandle, akhuphuke e-Antarctica, futhi ageleze ngasenyakatho kanye ne-liquator, ephethe amandla ngayo. Umphumela wokuphela ukudluliswa kwamandla kusuka e-Antarctica kuya eNorth Pole. Lokhu kudala umehluko omkhulu we-equator kanye nezigxobo eziseningizimu ye-hemisphere kunasenyakatho ye-hemisphere, okuholela ezivunguvungwini ezinzima kakhulu eningizimu ye-hemisphere.
Isici sesibili yizintaba ezinkulu eziseNyakatho Nenkabazwe, njengoba umsebenzi kaManabe wangaphambili waphakamisa, izivunguvungu zakwaManabe. Imisinga yomoya ngaphezulu kwamabanga amakhulu ezintabeni yakha ama-hiced highs and lows anciphisa inani lamandla atholakalayo ezivunguvungwini.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane ebonakalayo kuphela akunakuqinisekisa lezi zimbangela, ngoba ziningi kakhulu izimbangela zisebenza futhi zisebenzisana ngasikhathi sinye. Futhi, asikwazi ukukhipha izimbangela ngazinye zokuhlola ukubaluleka kwazo.
Ukuze senze lokhu, kudingeka sisebenzise amamodeli wesimo sezulu ukutadisha ukuthi izivunguvungu ziguquka kanjani lapho kususwa izici ezahlukile.
Lapho silungisa izintaba zomhlaba ezinsizeni, umehluko ekujuleni kwesivunguvungu phakathi kwalowo hemispheres wadilizwa. Lapho sisusa ibhande lomhlangano lolwandle, elinye ingxenye yomehluko wesivunguvungu lalihambile. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala ngqa, siveza incazelo ekhonkolo yezivunguvungu eziseningizimu ye-hemisphere.
Njengoba izivunguvungu zihambisana nemithelela emibi yenhlalo efana nemimoya eyeqisayo, amazinga okushisa kanye nezulu, umbuzo obalulekile okufanele siwuphendulele ukuthi ngabe izivunguvungu zesikhathi esizayo zizoba namandla noma zibuthakathaka.
Thola ukufingqa okwenziwe ngawo wonke ama-athikili asemqoka namaphepha kusuka kukhabhoni emfushane nge-imeyili. Thola okuningi ngephepha lethu lezindaba lapha.
Thola ukufingqa okwenziwe ngawo wonke ama-athikili asemqoka namaphepha kusuka kukhabhoni emfushane nge-imeyili. Thola okuningi ngephepha lethu lezindaba lapha.
Ithuluzi elisemqoka ekulungiseni imiphakathi ukubhekana nemiphumela yokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu ukuhlinzekelwa kwezibikezeli ezisuselwa kumamodeli wesimo sezulu. Isifundo esisha sibonisa ukuthi izivunguvungu zaseningizimu ze-hemisphere zizoqina kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinguquko ekujuleni kokuqina kwezivunguvungu ezisenyakatho ye-hemisphere kubikezelwe ukuba zilinganisele. Lokhu kungenxa yemiphumela yokuncintisana yokuncintisana phakathi kokufudumeza ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezenza izivunguvungu zibe namandla, futhi ukufudumala okusheshayo e-Arctic, okubenza babe buthaka.
Kodwa-ke, isimo sezulu lapha futhi manje siyashintsha. Lapho sibheka ushintsho emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, sithola ukuthi izivunguvungu eziphakathi ziye zaba zikhulu kakhulu phakathi nonyaka eSouthern Hemisphere, ngenkathi izinguquko ezisenyakatho ye-hemisphere ziye zanganakwa, zihambisana nokubikezela imodeli yesimo sezulu esikhathini esifanayo.
Yize amamodeli abukela phansi isiginali, akhombisa ukuthi ushintsho luvela ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo ezingokomzimba. Lokho wukuthi, ushintsho olwandle lukhulisa izivunguvungu ngoba amanzi afudumele abheke ekhwehleni futhi amanzi abandayo alethwa ebusweni obuzungeze i-Antarctica ukuze athathe indawo, okuholela ekufaniseni okunamandla phakathi kwekhwetha kanye nezigxobo.
Enyakatho ye-hemisphere, izinguquko zasolwandle zisuswe ekulahlekelweni yiqhwa lasolwandle neqhwa, okwenza i-Arctic ithambise ukukhanya kwelanga ngokwengeziwe futhi yenza buthaka umehluko phakathi kwekhwetha kanye nezigxobo.
Izibalo zokuthola impendulo efanele ziphakeme. Kuzobaluleka ukuthi umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo unqume ukuthi kungani amamodeli abukele phansi isiginali esibonakalayo, kepha abaluleke ngokulinganayo ukuthola impendulo efanele yezizathu ezifanele zomzimba.
I-Xiao, T. et al. .
Thola ukufingqa okwenziwe ngawo wonke ama-athikili asemqoka namaphepha kusuka kukhabhoni emfushane nge-imeyili. Thola okuningi ngephepha lethu lezindaba lapha.
Thola ukufingqa okwenziwe ngawo wonke ama-athikili asemqoka namaphepha kusuka kukhabhoni emfushane nge-imeyili. Thola okuningi ngephepha lethu lezindaba lapha.
Ishicilelwe ngaphansi kwelayisense ye-CC. Ungavuselela kabusha izinto ezingekho ngokuphelele ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ngokuphelele kokungathengisi ngesixhumanisi esiya kwikhabhoni emfushane nesixhumanisi esiya ku-athikili. Sicela uxhumane nathi ngokusetshenziswa kwezentengiso.