Inhlabathi ye-Rocky Ridge eCentral Antarctica ayikaze iqukethe ama-microorganisms.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi kubonakala kungabikho impilo emhlabathini emhlabeni. Inhlabathi ivela emgodini amabili womoya, amatshe anamadwala angaphakathi kwe-Antarctica, amakhilomitha angama-300 ukusuka eSouth Pole, lapho izinkulungwane zezinyawo zeqhwa zingena khona ezintabeni.
"Abantu bebelokhu becabanga ukuthi ama-virus aqinile futhi angahlala noma kuphi, isazi sezenhlalo yase-Microbial e-University of Colorado Boulder ofunda inhlabathi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kutholakale izidalwa ezisetshenziswayo ezizodwa zihlala emazingeni okushisa adlula amazinga okushisa adlula ama-degrees angama-200 amamitha ayingxenye yeqhwa e-Antarctica, kanye namamitha ayi-120,000 ngaphezu kwe-stratosphere yomhlaba. Kepha ngemuva konyaka wokusebenza, uFerrer kanye nomfundi wakhe odokotela u-Nicholas Dragon namanje abatholanga zimpawu zokuphila enhlabathini ye-Antarctic baqoqa.
Umlilo kanye ne-Dragne efundwe inhlabathi kusuka ezintabeni ezihlukene eziyi-11, emelela izimo ezahlukahlukene. Labo abavela ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphansi nezibandayo ezibandayo zinamagciwane kanye nesikhunta. Kepha kwezinye izintaba zalezi zintaba ezimbili eziphakeme kakhulu, ezibandayo nezibandayo kakhulu azikho izimpawu zokuphila.
"Ngeke sithi bayinyumba," kusho uFerrer. Izazi ze-microbiologists zijwayele ukuthola izigidi zamaseli epuyiseni lomhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, inombolo encane kakhulu (isib. Amaseli ayi-100 asebenzayo) angaba nokutholwa kokutholwa. "Kepha ngaze sazi ngathi, azinazo ama-microorganisms."
Ukuthi enye inhlabathi ingenayo impilo noma kamuva itholwe ukuqukatha amaseli athile asindile, okutholakele okusha okusanda kushicilelwa ephephabhukwini le-JGR Biogeoscience kungasiza ekufuneni impilo nge-Mars. Inhlabathi ye-Antarctic iqandiswe unomphela, igcwele usawoti onobuthi, futhi ayizange ibe namanzi amaningi awuketshezi iminyaka emibili eyizigidi ezifanayo nenhlabathi yeMartian.
Baqoqwe ngesikhathi sokukhishwa okuxhaswa ngemali kuzwelonke ngoJanuwari 2018 ezindaweni ezikude zezintaba zeTransantararctic. Badlula ngaphakathi kwezwekazi, bahlukanisa ithafa eliphakeme eliphakeme empumalanga lisuka eqhweni elinamalaka aphansi eNtshonalanga. Ososayensi bamisa ikamu egatsheni laseShackleton, ibhande lokuhambisa amamayela angamamitha angama-60 leqhwa eligeleza liba nomthelela ezintabeni. Babesebenzisa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ukundiza baye ezindaweni eziphakemeyo baqoqe amasampula phezulu naphansi kweqhwa.
Ezintabeni ezifudumele, ezimanzi ezinyaweni zeqhwa, izinyawo ezingamashumi ambalwa ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle, bathola ukuthi inhlabathi ihlalwa yizilwane ezincane kuneesame: izibungu ezincane, ama-tardifrades, ama-rosifers kanye nezibungu ezincane. okubizwa nge-Springtails. Izinambuzane ezinamaphiko. Lezi zinhlabathi ezingenalutho, inhlabathi ene-sandy iqukethe okungaphansi kwenkulungwane inani lamagciwane atholakala otshanini obunamacebo anezinzwa kahle, anele ukuhlinzeka ngokudla kwama-herbivores amancane aqala ngaphansi kobuso.
Kodwa lezi zibonakaliso zokuphila zinyamalale kancane njengoba iqembu lavakashela ezintabeni eziphakeme zijule eqhweni. Ngaphezulu kweqhwa, bavakashela izintaba ezimbili zeNtaba iMount Schroeder naseMount Roberts - eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-7,000.
Ukuhambela eSchroeder Mountain kwakunesihluku, kukhumbula u-Byron Adams, isazi sebhayoloji eyunivesithi esemncane e-Brigham e-Provo, utah, ohole lo msebenzi. Izinga lokushisa kulolu suku lwehlobo lusondele ku-0 ° F. Umoya okhalayo wakhipha kancane iqhwa neqhwa, eshiya izintaba zivezwa, zisongelwa njalo ekuphakamiseni nasekuphonseni amafosholo engadi ayelethe ukumba isihlabathi. Umhlaba wembozwe ngamatshe abomvu e-volcanic adilizwe ngaphezulu kwamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka ngomoya nemvula, azishiye zithathwe.
Lapho ososayensi bephakamisa idwala, bathola ukuthi isisekelo saso sasimbozwe ngesiqu sikasawoti omhlophe - amakristalu anobuthi e-perchlactorate, ahlangana, futhi ancike. Ama-perchlorates kanye nama-chlorates, usawoti osebenzayo osebenzayo osetshenziswa e-rocket uphethiloli kanye ne-bleach yezimboni, nawo atholakala ngobuningi ngaphezulu kweMars. Ngaphandle kwamanzi okugeza, usawoti uyanqwabelana kulezi zintaba ezomile ze-antarctic.
"Kufana nesampula kuMars," kusho u-Adams. Lapho unamathela ifosholo ku, "Uyazi ukuthi uyinto yokuqala ukuphazamisa inhlabathi ekuhlaleni kuze kube phakade - mhlawumbe izigidi zeminyaka."
Abaphenyi baphakamisa ukuthi ngisho nasezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu nasezimweni ezinzima, base bezothola ama-microorganisms aphilayo emhlabathini. Kepha lezo zinto ezilindelwe zaqala ukufiphala ngasekupheleni kuka-2018, lapho udrako esebenzisa inqubo ebizwa nge-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ukuthola i-microbial DNA ekungcoleni. Udrako wahlolelwa amasampula angama-204 ezintabeni ngenhla nangaphansi kweqhwa. Amasampula ezintabeni eziphansi, ezipholile zathela amanani amakhulu e-DNA; Kepha amasampula amaningi (20%) avela eziphakeme, kufaka phakathi iningi laseMount Schroeder naseRoberts Massif, azange ahlolwe kunoma yimiphi imiphumela, akhombisa ukuthi aqukethe ama-microorganisms ambalwa kakhulu noma angabenzi nhlobo.
"Ngesikhathi eqala ukungikhombisa imiphumela ethile, ngacabanga, 'Kukhona okungalungile,'" kusho uFerrell. Wacabanga ukuthi kufanele kube nokuthile okungalungile ngesampula noma i-lab imishini.
Udrako wabe eseqhuba uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezengeziwe zokufuna izimpawu zokuphila. Wayelapha inhlabathi nge-glucose ukubona ukuthi izidalwa ezithile enhlabathini zikuguqula ziye kwikhabhoni dioksijini. Wayezama ukuthola amakhemikhali abizwa nge-ATP, asetshenziswa yiyo yonke impilo emhlabeni ukuze agcine amandla. Kwaphela izinyanga ezimbalwa, wahlakulela izingcezu zenhlabathi ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokuxutshwa kwezakhi, ezama ukukholisa ama-microorganisms akhona ukuba akhule abe amakoloni.
"UNick waphonsa ekhishini ekhishini licwila kulezi zinhlambuthini," kusho uFerrell. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zivivinyo, akazange athole lutho enhlabathini ethile. "Kuyamangaza ngempela."
IJacqueline Gurdial, isazi semvelo semvelo e-University of Guelph eCanada, sibiza imiphumela "eheha," Ikakhulu imizamo kadrako yokuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezithonya ama-microorganisms endaweni enikeziwe endaweni enikeziwe. Uthole ukuthi ukuphakama okuphezulu nokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwababikezela ngokwehluleka ukuthola impilo. "Lokhu ukutholakala okuthakazelisa kakhulu," kusho uFayYear. "Lokhu kusitshela okuningi ngemikhawulo yempilo emhlabeni."
Akaqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi inhlabathi yawo ayinakuphila ngempela, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kwenye ingxenye ye-Antarctica.
Eminyakeni eminingana eyedlule, wafunda inhlabathi evela endaweni efanayo ezintabeni zaseTransantarctic, enyakatho ntshonalanga yeStacklest Glacier ebizwa ngokuthi yi-University Valley engenzeka ukuthi yayingaba nomswakama obalulekile noma ukuncibilikisa amazinga okushisa ayi-120,000. Lapho eyibeka izinyanga ezingama-20 ngehora lesingama-23 ° F, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ehlobo esigodini, inhlabathi ayikhombisanga izimpawu zokuphila. Kepha lapho eshisa amasampula enhlabathi anama-degree ambalwa angaphezulu kwawo, abanye bakhombisa ukukhula kwamagciwane.
Isibonelo, ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi amangqamuzana ama-bacteriya ahlala ephila ngisho nangemva kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka egazini. Lapho bebanjiswa, i-metabolism yeseli inganciphisa amahlandla ayisigidi. Bangena esimweni lapho bangasakhuli, kepha balungisa kuphela ukulimala kwe-DNA okubangelwa imisebe ye-cosmic ukungena eqhweni. UGoodyear ucabanga ukuthi laba "abasindile ohamba kancane" kungenzeka kube yibo asebethole esigodini sasekolishi - basola ukuthi uma i-Dragled nomlilo babebatholile eRoberts Massif noma iSchroeder Mountain.
UBrent Christner, ofunda amagciwane e-Antarctic e-University of Florida eTeesville, ukholelwa lezi zikhundla eziphakeme, inhlabathi eyomile ingasiza ukuthuthukisa ukusesha impilo ngeMars.
Waphawula ukuthi i-Viking 1 neViking 2 Spacecraft, eyayingena eMars ngo-1976, yaqala ukuzanywa kokuthola impilo ngokusekelwe engxenyeni yenhlabathi elele e-Antarctica, isifunda esibizwa ngokuthi izigodi ezomile. Eminye yale nhlabathi iba manzi kusuka emanzini ancibilikayo ehlobo. Aziqukethe ama-microorganisms kuphela, kepha kwezinye izindawo futhi nezibungu ezincane nezinye izilwane.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, inhlabathi ephakeme, eyomile yaseNtabeni uRoberts neNtaba Schroeder banganikeza izizathu ezingcono zokuhlola izinsimbi zeMartian.
"Ingaphezulu lama-mars libi kakhulu," kusho uChristlner. "Akukho zinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ezingaphila ebusweni" -kodwa okungenani intshi ephezulu noma ezimbili. Noma iyiphi i-spacecraft eya lapho ukufuna impilo kumele ilungiselelwe ukusebenza kwezinye zezindawo ezinzima emhlabeni.
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